 ST. MARK'S SQUARE, VENICE
St Mark's Square, often known in English by its Italian name Piazza San Marco, is the town square of Venice, Italy.
The Piazza is the only urban space big enough to be called a piazza in Venice: the rest are campi. It was the Romantic French poet Alfred de Musset who called it the "drawing-room of Europe". It is the only great urban space in a European city where the sound is of human voices talking.
The Square originated in the ninth century as a small area in front of the original St Mark's Basilica. It was enlarged to its present size and shape in 1177, when the Rio Batario, which had bounded it to the west, and a dock, which had isolated the Doges Palace from the square, were filled in.
The rearrangement was for the meeting of Pope Alexander III and the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
The Square has always been seen as the centre of Venice. It was the location of all the important offices of the Venetian state, and has been the seat of the bishopric since the nineteenth century.
It was also the focus for many of Venice's festivals.
 BUILDINGS OF ST. MARK'S SQUARE
The Piazza is dominated by the Basilica, the Doges Palace and by the Basilica's campanile, which stands apart from it.
The buildings around the Square, anti-clockwise from the Grand Canal, are the Doges Palace, St Mark's Basilica, St Mark's Clocktower the Procuratie Vecchie, the Napoleonic Wing of the Procuraties, the Procuratie Nuove, St Mark's Campanile and Logetta and the Biblioteca Marciana.
Most of the ground floor of the Procuraties is occupied by cafes, including the Caffè Florian and Gran Caffè Quadri.
The Correr Museum and the Museum of Archaeology are located in some of the buildings of the Square. The Venetian Mint lies beyond the Biblioteca Marciana on the riva or bank of the Grand Canal. The last of these buildings were completed under Napoleonic occupation, although the campanile has since been rebuilt.
OTHER FEATURES
There are three ships' masts in the square, and have been since at least 1480. The banner of St Mark is flown from them on feast days.
The Square was paved with herringbone bricks from the late thirteenth century until 1723, when it was replaced by the present trachyte slabs, with bands of stone in geometrical patterns, designed to make the Square appear longer.
The Square is the lowest point in Venice, and as a result during the acqua alta the "high water" from storm surges from the Adriatic, or even heavy rain, it is the first to flood. Water pouring into the drains in the Square runs directly into the Grand Canal. This is ideal during heavy rain, but during the acqua alta it has the reverse effect, with water from the canal pouring up into the Square.
THE PIAZZETTA
The part of the Square between the Doges Palace and the Biblioteca Marciana, Jacopo Sansovino's Library, is the Piazzetta dei Leoncini. It is open to the lagoon at the mouth of the Grand Canal, and is known for the columns of Venice's two patrons, Marco and Todaro, that stand by the water's edge: on them are the lion of Saint Mark and the statue of Saint Teodoro of Amasea, "Santodaro" to the Venetians, who is standing on the sacred crocodile of Egypt.
Theodore of Amasea is less well known than the Evangelist: he burned down a temple of Cybele as an act of Christian piety and was martyred for it. These columns constituted the official gateway to Venice; when there were no official guests in the city, gambling was permitted in the space between the columns. It was also the site of executions in the city.
Across the expanse of water (the Bacino di San Marco) is the Punta della Salute to the left of Baldassarre Longhena's "Santa Maria della Salute." The Dogana di mare ("customs House") has given its name to every Italian customs shed, as Venice had the original Arsenal.
St Mark's Square is extremely popular with tourists, photographers and pigeons.
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ST. MARK'S CLOCKTOWER:
St Mark's Clocktower is situated on St Mark's Square in Venice, adjoining the Procuratie Vecchie. It houses the most important clock in the city. The tower was constructed as a display of Venice's wealth, and as an aid to sailors on the Grand Canal about to depart on a voyage.
The building was designed by Mauro Coducci and constructed between 1496 and 1499. It has five bays, of which the central bay is the widest. This bay incorporates a two-storey gateway, with the large clockface above, topped by a single storey tower with a depiction of a Lion of St Mark against the night sky, while two blackened bronze figures intended as giants but known as the "Moors" stand on top and ring a bell on the hour.
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